Controversial Phenomena (Discussion)

CONTROVERSIAL PHENOMENA (DISCUSSION)

General Characteristic of Report

1.       Social Function of Discussion

The function of discussion is to present (at least) two points of view about an issue.

2.       Generic Structure of Discussion

a.       Issue: consist of statement and preview.

b.      Arguments for and against statement of differing points of view, this consist of: point and elaboration.

c.       Conclusion or recommendation.

3.       Significant Features of Discussion

a.       Focus in generic and non-human participants.

b.      Use mainly of material, relational process (action verb) and mental process.

c.       Use of comparative, like contrastive and consequential conjunctions.

d.      Reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns (abstraction)

Indefinite Pronouns None, Nothing, Either and Neither

Study this pattern!

Indefinite Pronouns None, Nothing, Either and Neither

None means not any; no amount or no part; not one.

Example:             Do you got any money? None at all, sir.

                                None of them follow the teacher instruction to come to the field.

                                None of the student in the class can play hockey.

Nothing means not anything or not thing.

Example:             Nothing serious happened to his motorcycle after the accident.

                                There is nothing but only joking.

                                There is nothing in the room except his goods.

Either means one or the other two, it is an option.

Example:             I like either apple or mango.

                                They give a choice, continue to the court either having an agreement.

                                Either you come or not, it is not a problem.

Neither means not one or not the other of two.

Example:             Neither of the books is good.

                                I don’t like neither of them.

                                Neither the options is bad for you.

Active and Passive voice

Grammar: Active and Passive voice

                The formula of active voice is a common structure of a sentence; it should consist of subject, verb and object. If we want to change the structure into passive voice, we should change some of the elements in the sentence. The formula both of the voices are shown below:

Active voice

S + V + O + adjective/adverb

Examples of the sentences

1.       Agus gives Rany a present in her birthday.

2.       They punched the thief yesterday.

3.       You wrote application letter for our company.

4.       Andy kicks the ball.

Passive voice

S + to be + V_III + by + O + Adjective/adverb

Examples of the sentences   

1.       The ball is kicked by Andy.

2.       Rany is given a present in her birthday by Agus.

3.       The thief was punched by them yesterday.

4.       Application letter was written by me for your company.

In passive voice, there is also positive, negative and interrogative form of the sentence. The form is like the common formula. The example as follow:

Positive	Interrogative
1.       The boy is accompanied by his family.	1. Is the boy accompanied by his family?
2.        The tiger is killed by the hunter.	2. Is the tiger killed by the hunter?
3.       They are leaved by the teacher.	3. Are they leaved by the teacher?
4.       We are cheated by the officer.	4. Are the cheated by the officer?
5.       The garden is cleaned by Lisa.	5. Is the garden cleaned by Lisa?

Negative	Who – question
1.       The boy is not accompanied by his family.	1.Who is accompanied the boy?
2.        The tiger is not killed by the hunter.	2. Who is killed the tiger?
3.       They are not leaved by the teacher.	3. Who are leaved by the teacher?
4.       We are not cheated by the officer.	4. Who are the cheated to us?
5.       The garden is not cleaned by Lisa.	5. Who is cleaned the garden?

NOTE :

Tenses	Patterns
Simple present	Am / are / is + Past participle (VIII)
Present continuous	Am / are /  is being + Pas participle (VIII)
Simple past	Was / were + Past participle (VIII)
Past continuous	Was / were being + Past participle (VIII)
Present prefect	Have / has been + Past participle (VIII)
Past perfect	Had  been + Past participle (VIII)
Will future	Will be + Past participle (VIII)
Future perfect	Will have been + Past participle (VIII)
Going to future	Am / are / is going to be + Past participle (VIII)

Modal Auxiliaries in Passive Voice

                Modal auxiliaries consist of some modal such as: will, would, can, could, shall, should, thought to, must, may, and might. They are often used in the passive. The formula of this modal as follow:

Modal + be + past participle

Example of the sentence:

1.       She can be judged as the trouble maker.

2.       They should be transited in the guest room.

3.       We might be forgotten by them.

4.       The paper shall be leaved here by Andy.

Social Environment (explanation)

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT (EXPLANATION)

General Characteristic of Report

1. 1.       Social function of explanation

The function of explanation is to explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.

1. 2.       Generic structure of explanation

a.       A general statement to position the reader.

b.      A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.

1. 3.       Significant features of explanation

a.       Focus in generic and non-human participants.

b.      Use mainly of material and relational process (action verb).

c.       Use mainly of temporal and causal circumstances and conjunctions.

d.      Use of passive voice to get theme right.

Grammar

Grammar, comprehend the explanation below!

Simple Past Tense

                Simple past tense is a sentence that shows happening in the past time. It is generally used to retell the condition or activities that already happened. To show the condition or activities had been done in the past, this tense uses V_II as its verb or was/were for To Be. Sometimes these activities are shown by past adverb of time such as: last week, last year, last month, already, yesterday, two days ago, a week ago, etc. This kind of tense has a formula as shown below:

Affirmative or Positive formula:

S + V_II  + O/Adj/Adv

S + was/were + O/Adj/Adv

Examples of the sentences:

1.       The car stopped in front of the market.

2.       Linda played tennis yesterday.

3.       We took some apples in the refrigerator.

4.       The band was very famous at the middle of 90’s.

5.       There were a lot of victims in the accident last Saturday.

6.       They were champions in 2003.

Negative formula:

S + did not + V_I  +O/Adj/Adv

S + was/were not + O/Adj/Adv

Examples of the sentences:

1.       Andi did not come late two days ago.

2.       Didin did not hit the car.

3.       They did not go to the cinema yesterday.

4.       You did not play basketball last week.

5.       I was not there.

6.       They were not sad.

Interrogative or Question formula:

Did + S + V_I + O/Adj/Adv …?

Was/were + S + O/Adj/Adv …?

Examples of the sentences:

1.       Did you bring your glasses?

2.       Did Rocky invite you to come last night?

3.       Did Sarah meet the teacher before the class?

4.       Did they let you in?

5.       Was it you book?

6.       Were they sad?

The expressions to make Suggestions, Requests and Give instructions

TASK 1.

Here are some more examples of the expressions to make suggestions, requests and give instructions.

Making Suggestions

·         You could (might) join the speech contest.

·         If I were you, I would take care this dog.

·         Why don’t you go to the doctor?

·         Why don’t you come to my house and borrow my umbrella?

·         What/How about going to the veterinarian?

Requesting

·         Would you mind passing me the salt, please?

·         Could you please take me to the dentist?

·         Can you tell me what happened?

·         Will/Would you come to my birthday party?

·         Please tell me the story.

Giving Instructions

·         You should keep it out of the children’s reach.

·         Whatever you do, don’t be nervous.

·         Bring that magazine to me.

·         Read the text loudly.

TASK 2.

Study the following expressions of requests, suggestions and giving instructions.

Requesting

·         Would you mind …, please?

·         Can/Could you …?

·         Will/Would you …?

·         Please …

Accepting Requests

·         Sure, I’d be glad/happy to …

·         Of course/Certainly.

·         No problem.

·         Sure. Just a moment.

Refusing Requests

·         I’d loved to, but …

·         It sounds great, but …

·         I’m/sorry, but …

·         Sorry to say that …

Suggestions

·         You could (might) …

·         I suggest/recommend that you …

·         You really should/ought to …

·         I strongly advise/urge you to …

·         You’d better …

Accepting Suggestions

·         That’s a good/nice/wonderful, idea/suggestion.

·         Thank you/Thanks.

·         I’ll do/try that.

·         Why didn’t I think of that?

·         I think you’re right.

Rejecting suggestions

·         I tried that, but …

·         Thanks, but that won’t work/help because …

·         I don’t want to/can’t do that because …

·         That’s a good idea, but …

Giving Instructions

·         Open page 10 of this book.

·         Give me that story book.

·         Read this paragraph loudly.

·         Write your own story.

Expressing Sympathy

Expressing of sympathy

There are some expressions to show our sympathy to other people. Some of the examples are shown below.

·         Oh, I am sorry to hear that                                                                          

·         That’s  too bad

·         What a pity of you !

·         Be patient, it would be better soon

·         I take my sympathy to you

·         I sympathize with your condition

·         I know how is your feeling

·         It would be OK soon.

There are also some responses to accept sympathy from other people. Here the examples.

·         Thank you very much

·         It’s very kind of you

·         I hope so

·         That’s a pity, isn’t it?

·         Thanks for your sympathy

·         Thanks for your support

·         I would be OK, thank you very much for your support

The use of the expression should determine the context of situation. it will be different expression used in different context of situation. These expressions below show  sequence of the formality, from the most formal to less formal situation

Expression of making accepting and declining invitation

Expression of making accepting and declining invitation

Sometimes, we have a situation and have to also invite some of friends to come. There are many situations that probably happened in our daily life, such as meeting, birthday party, graduation party etc. of course, we have to make an invitation for our guests. There will be two answers for them who are invited by us, they may come or accept the invitation and they may not come or decline the invitation. The situation will be divided into formal and informal. There is differences expression that  is  use in the different context of situation.

Expression to make, accept or decline in vitiation in formal situation.

Making in vitiation

·         Would you like to…?

·         I would very happy if…?

·         We would be delighted if you…?

·         Would you care to..?

·         We would be pleased if you could…?

·         Would you care to…?

Accepting invitation

·         That’s very kind of you

·         We’d like very much to….

·         What a delightful idea

·         With the greatest pleasure

·         Thank you very much for inviting me

·         It’s delightful to….

Declining invitation

·         I’m very sorry, I don’t

·         Think I can.

·         I’d like to, but ….

·         I’m afraid I’ve

·         Already promised….

·         Thank you for asking me, but ….

·         Unfortunately  , I can’t….

Expression to make, accept or decline in vitiation informal situation

Making invitation

·         Why don’t you come to…

·         Like to come to …

·         Come and …

·         Shall we come to …

·         You must come to …

Accepting invitation

·         I would/will …

·         That would be very nice

·         OK,I will be there !

·         I’d like love to come.

·         All right.

·         Sure, I am coming

Declining invitation

·         Sort, I can’t.

·         I’d love to, but …

·         I don’t think I can.

·         In wish I could, but …

·         Sorry, I am very busy

·         Sorry, may be next time

·         Thank you, but I can’t

·         Sorry, I don’t think I

·         Can’t make it

·         I’m so sorry I can make it